April 28, 2017
The first thing to remember with causality, especially in the non-physical sciences, is that it is impossible to establish complete causality.
However, the magical figure of 100% proof of causality is what every researcher must strive for, to ensure that a group of their peers will accept the results. The only way to do this is through a strong and well-considered experimental design, often containing pilot studies to establish cause and effect before plowing on with a complex and expensive study.
The temporal factor is usually the easiest aspect to neutralize, simply because most experiments involve administering a treatment and then observing the effects, giving a linear temporal relationship. In experiments that use historical data, as with the drinking/depression example, this can be a little more complex. Most researchers performing such a program will supplement it with a series of individual case studies, and interviewing a selection of the participants, in depth, will allow the researchers to find the order of events.
in this post i will give example of cause and effect in chemistry with dialogue , let's look the dialogue:
Eko : hi ferdi
Ferdi : hello eko , what's up ?
Eko : could i ask to you about chemistry experiment yesterday ?
Ferdi : of course
Eko : ok , our topic in laboratory yesterday is about "PH" right ?
ferdi : that's right , and your question ?
Eko : i've read the hand book , and in the book i found that if we mix Naoh and destilate water and then we use ph indicator fenolflatein the colour is red , but if we use fenolftalein in acid the colour will change to normal like water
its right ?
Ferdi : yes , thats correct eko , it happens because fenolftalein have own range ph to change the colour
when fenolftalein add to acid the colour just like normal , but if we add this indicator to alkali or bases with 8,3 - 10 ph range the colour will be change to red
Eko : hmm , i see thanks for your explanation ferdi
Ferdi : your welcome eko
and this is the ilustration of the cause and effect
What is the range of ph for the fenolflatein indicator?
ReplyDeletefenolflatein Ph range is between 8,3 - 10
Deleteif in acid fenolflatein will look like just water
but in bases fenolflatein will change the solution color to red
what meaning of universal indicator ?
ReplyDeleteexplain it please
A universal indicator is a test to measure the pH value of a liquid. The solution that is used has several chemical indicators in it. This means that the indicator is able to show different colours (and therefore pH value ranges). The drawback of this solution is that it cannot be used for titrations, which expect a well-defined change in color.
DeletePlease give me type indicator!
ReplyDeleteIndicators are substances whose solutions change color due to changes in pH. These are called acid-base indicators. They are usually weak acids or bases, but their conjugate base or acid forms have different colors due to differences in their absorption spectra.
Deletetype of indicator general to use :
1. Indicator Acid-Base
2.Universal Indicator